LI Gang,
TAN Yan-Ke,
LI Chong-Yin et al
.2015.The distribution characteristics of total ozone and its relationship with stratospheric temperature during boreal winter in the recent 30 years.Chinese Journal Of Geophysics,58(5): 1475-1491,doi: 10.6038/cjg20150502
The distribution characteristics of total ozone and its relationship with stratospheric temperature during boreal winter in the recent 30 years
LI Gang1,2, TAN Yan-Ke1, LI Chong-Yin1,3, Chen Shu-Chi4, BAI Tao5, YANG Dao-Yong2, ZHANG Ying2
1. College of Meteorology and Oceanography, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 211101, China;
2. Xichang Satellite Launch Center, Xichang 615000, China;
3. LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China;
4. Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100000, China;
5. No. 94188 Troops of PLA, Xi'an 710077, China
It is well known that ozone is one of the most important trace gases in the atmosphere. Stratospheric ozone can directly affect levels of ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface and stratospheric temperature structure, while tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant, which is harmful to human health and ecosystems. Therefore, it can be inferred that ozone has a significant impact on the variability of climate and environment. As the increase of the high quality and quantity of ozone datasets, it is necessary to provide a detailed investigation of spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of total ozone and its relationship with climate variability. Besides, because most of ozone is observed in the stratosphere, it is also necessary to examine the relationship between ozone and stratospheric temperature.
Ozone and temperature data are taken from monthly mean European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) reanalysis data (ERA-Interim) from 1979 to 2013. ERA-Interim has assimilated satellite observations (reprocessed Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment data from the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory provides ozone profile information from 1995 onwards) at a 2°×2° horizontal resolution and relatively high vertical resolution (37 levels). To study the general features of ozone, we first apply the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) to the ozone data. And then the rotated EOF (REOF) method is used to extract the dominant modes of ozone, meaning that the initial EOF modes are linearly transformed using the varimax method, which maximizes the variance of the squared correlation coefficients between the time series of each REOF mode and each original EOF mode. The method increases the spatial variability of the obtained modes. Besides, the continuous wavelet transform method is used to study the periodicity of the rotated principal components (RPC) time series. We use the Morlet wavelet in the current study.
The spatiotemporal structure of dominant total ozone pattern in the Northern Hemisphere (north of 20°N) during boreal winter is studied using REOF analysis and Morlet wavelet analysis. Besides, the relationship of the dominant total ozone pattern with the temperature anomalies in the upper (2 hPa), middle (30 hPa) and lower (100 hPa) stratosphere is further studied using composite analysis. The results show that the variability of total ozone in the Northern Hemisphere during boreal winter is characterized by five significant dominant patterns during the recent 30 years (1979—2013). The first REOF mode accounts for 34.5% of the total variance. It is centred mainly in the Arctic region (75°N—90°N,0°—360°). The ozone of this region decreases during 1979—1995, while increases during 1995—2001. However, the ozone of this region shows significant interannual time scale since 2002. The local wavelet power spectrum analysis shows that the power spectrum of the normalized RPC1 has high power in about 3 year for the period 1983—1993 and about 2~7 year for the period 1990—2005. The second mode is centred in the subtropics of Northern Hemisphere (20°N—40°N,0°—360°), accounting for 32% of the total variance. The ozone in this region is above normal during the period 1979—1995 but below normal thereafter. The power spectrum of RPC2 shows high power in about 2~3 year for the period 1983—2000. The third REOF mode is centred in the Alaska region (60°N—75°N,180°—260°E), accounting for 10% of the total variance. The ozone in this region is above normal during 1979—1985, while below normal during 1985—1995. After 2000, it shows interannual variability. The power spectrum of RPC3 shows high power in about 2~8 year for the period 1990—2000. The fourth REOF mode is centred in the North Atlantic region (45°N—60°N,310°E—360°E), accounting for 5.6% of the total variance. The ozone in this region is above normal during 1979—1990, while below normal during 1991—2005. It shows interannual variability to some extent since 2005. The power spectrum of RPC4 shows high power in about 2~3 year during 1979—1984, 1989—1995 and 2005—2012. The fifth REOF mode is centred in the Siberia region (50°N—65°N,80°E—130°E). The ozone in this region is above normal during 1979—1987 and 2002—2012, while below normal during 1988—2002. The power spectrum of RPC5 shows high power in about 2~4 year during 1985—1995. On the other hand, it also shows high power in about 5~7 year during 1985—2003. The relationship between the dominant total ozone patterns and the stratospheric temperature indicates that, when the total ozone is increased (reduced), the upper stratosphere will be cooled (warmed), while the middle and lower stratosphere will be warmed (cooled). Furthermore, the middle stratosphere is warmer (cooler) than the lower stratosphere.
The results of this study show that the five dominant REOF modes show significant variability on the interannual and interdecadal time scales. On the interdecadal timescale, the total ozone over these five regions is above normal before late 1980, whereas less than normal during the period of 1990—2000. On the interannual time scale, total ozone over the five regions shows pronounced periodicity. In addition, their periodicities show significant difference. We have also examined the relationship between total ozone and stratospheric temperature. It is suggested that the upper stratospheric temperature has out-of-phase relationship with total ozone, while the middle and lower stratospheric temperature has in-phase relationship with total ozone. This study focuses only on the DJF season (boreal winter) simply because it is an important season for ozone in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the seasonality of the total ozone in the Northern Hemisphere and related impact on stratospheric and tropospheric climate is the major focus of a following study that is underway. Finally, we have only studied the relationship between the total ozone and stratospheric temperature based on analysis of observations. Therefore, further study using simulations in numerical model is needed to fully understand the mechanism by which the total ozone influences the stratospheric temperature.
Austin J, Knight J R, Butchart N. 2000. Three-dimensional chemical model simulations of the ozone layer: 1979—2015. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 126(565): 1533-1556.
Camp C D, Roulston M S, Yung Y L. 2003. Temporal and spatial patterns of the interannual variability of total ozone in the tropics. J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20): 4643, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001504.
Dee D P, Uppala S M, Simmons A J, et al. 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: Configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 137(656): 553-597.
Deng S M, Chen Y J, Luo T, et al. 2009. The vertical distribution characteristics of ozone during stratospheric sudden warming. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 33(3): 459-467.
Eder B K, LeDuc S K, Sickles II J E. 1999. A climatology of total ozone mapping spectrometer data using rotated principal component analysis. J. Geophys. Res., 104(D3): 3691-3709.
Farman J C, Gardiner B G, Shanklin J D. 1985. Large losses of total ozone in Antarctica reveal seasonal CIOx/NOx interaction. Nature, 315(6016): 207-210.
Ge L, Liang J X, Chen Y L. 1997. Antarctic climatic variation in the troposphere and lower stratosphere with causes. Journal of Nanjing Institute of Meteorology (in Chinese), 20(1): 47-53.
Guo P W, Zhu Q G, Liu X F. 2001. Features of atmospheric ozone interannual variation in spring of Northern Hemisphere and its effect on temperature and circulation. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 20(3): 245-251.
Guo S C, Chang Y L, Zhang L N. 2007. Research on the interannual and interdecadal variations of the atmospheric ozone in the middle latitude region of the Northern Hemisphere. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 31(3): 418-424.
Guo S C, Li C C, Guo Y R, et al. 2014. Trends of atmospheric ozone over the Northern Hemisphere in the past 33 years. Journal of Tropical Meteorology (in Chinese), 30(2): 319-326.
Hering W S, Touart C N, Borden T R. 1967. Ozone heating and radiative equilibrium in the lower stratosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 24(4): 402-413.
Houghton J T. 2002. The Physics of Atmospheres. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 320pp.
Hu Y Y, Xia Y, Gao M, et al. 2008. Stratospheric temperature changes and ozone recovery in the 21st century. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 66(6): 880-891.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis.// Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, eds. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 1-996.
Jiang X, Pawson S, Camp C D, et al. 2008. Interannual variability and trends of extratropical ozone. Part I: Northern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 65: 3013-3029.
Kong Q X, Liu G R, Wang G C. 1996. Observations and analyses of atmospheric ozone over Antarctic Zhongshan Station in the spring of 1993. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 20(4): 395-400.
Krzyscin J W, Rajewska-Wiech B. 2009. Trends in the ozone vertical distribution from the Umkehr observations at Belsk 1963—2007. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 30(15-16): 3917-3926.
Li C Y. 1995. Introduction to Climate Dynamics (in Chinese). Beijing: China Meteorological Press.
Li C Y, Li L, Tan Y K, et al. 2008. Stratospheric Climate (in Chinese). Beijing: China Meteorological Press.
Li C Y, Gao D Y, Chen Y J, et al. 2009. Some Forward Researches in Atmospheric Science (in Chinese). Hefei: CST University Press.
Li Y, Cai X H, Xie F Q. 2002. Recent trends of total ozone variation over East-Asia. Environmental Science, 23(Supp.): 103-105.
Newchurch M J, Yamg E S, Cunnold D M, et al. 2003. Evidence for slowdown in stratospheric ozone loss: First stage of ozone recovery. J. Geophy. Res., 108(D16): 4507.
North G R, Bell T L, Cahalan R F, et al. 1982. Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110(7): 699-706.
Qu S H. 1994. Main characteristics and trends in global ozone layer. Advance in Earth Sciences (in Chinese), 9(5): 39-47.
Shindell D, Kuylenstierna J C I, Vignati E, et al. 2012. Simultaneously mitigating near-term climate change and improving human health and food security. Science, 335(6065): 183-189, doi: 10.1126/science. 1210026.
Shindell D T, Miller R L, Schmidt G A, et al. 1999. Simulation of recent northern winter climate trends by greenhouse-gas forcing. Nature, 399: 452-455.
Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, et al. 2007. Climate change 2007: the physical science basis.// Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Stolarski R S, Bloomfiel P, Mcpeters R D, et al. 1991. Total Ozone trends deduced from Nimbus7 Toms data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 18(6): 1015-1018.
Wang G Q. 1985. Atmospheric Ozone Research (in Chinese). Beijing: China Science Press.
Wang T J, Sun Z B. 1999. Development of study on ozone variation and its climatic effect. Advance in Earth Sciences (in Chinese), 14(1): 37-43.
Wang W G, Guo S C, Yang L Q. 1990. The research of vertical ozone distribution and its variation. Acta Geophysica Sinica (in Chinese), 33(6): 639-646.
Wang W G, Fan W X, Wu J, et al. 2006. A study of spatial-temporal evolvement of the global cross-tropopause ozone mass flux. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 49(6): 1595-1607.
Wang W G, Yuan M, Wang H Y, et al. 2008. A study of ozone amount in the transition layer between troposphere and stratosphere and its heating rate. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 51(5): 1309-1320.
Weatherhead E C, Reinsel G C, Tiao G C, et al. 2000. Detecting the recovery of total column ozone. J. Geophys. Res., 105(D17): 22201-22210.
Weatherhead E C, Andersen S B. 2006. The search for signs of recovery of the ozone layer. Nature, 441: 39-45.
Wei D W, Guo S C, Zhao Y L. 1989. Chart collection of the Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Ozone Space-Time Change and Distribution During 1963—1985. Beijing: Science Press.
Wei F Y. 1999. Diagnosis and Prediction of Modern Climate Statistics Technology (in Chinese). Beijing: China Meteorological Press.
World Meteorological Organization, United Nations Development Program. 1995. The global climate system review June 1991-November1993. Geneva: WMO.
Zheng M H, Fu Z T, Chen Z. 2010. The possible impact of Arctic ozone depletion on surface air temperature in Asia-Pacific regions during springtime. Plateau Meteorology (in Chinese), 29(2): 412-419.
Zhou R J, Chen Y J. 2007. Effects of variation of low ozone center over the Tibetan Plateau on climate in China. Chinese Journal of Atmospheric Sciences (in Chinese), 31(3): 479-485.
Zhu Q G, Guo P W. 2000. Features of northern spring atmospheric ozone variation and its effect on atmospheric temperature and circulation. Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology (in Chinese), 11(4): 448-454.
| 
